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From the SEA to the SOLution. An integrative assessment of marine pollution in a changing Arctic

Marine chemical pollution poses known threats to human health and to biodiversity, ecosystem and societal services. The Arctic is a major sink of global mercury (Hg) pollution. Arctic sediments, sea and glacial ice constitute vast Hg reservoirs. Recent studies raise concerns about their increasing role as local Hg sources. In a rapidly warming Arctic, the consequences of potentially increased environmental Hg on marine biota remain unknown. The objective of SEASOL is to identify the pathway(s) of Hg bioaccumulation in marine food webs of the High Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard). This changing glacial fjord is recognised as a ‘natural laboratory’ of climate change in the Arctic. The fellow’s earlier research has shown the sole measurement of Hg levels as insufficient to connect biotic Hg dynamics to environmental change, whereas the analysis of Hg stable isotopes proved to be a promising tool for source discrimination and biotic transfer. SEASOL will build on the novel application of stable isotope analysis to identify the sources of Hg within the fjord system and the pathways to Hg accumulation within sentinel marine species. On the short-term, the study will provide fundamental knowledge to help understand how emerging sources of Hg from rapid environmental change will impact Arctic marine predators. On the long-term, SEASOL will contribute to the development of early-warning, adaptive management strategies, including modelling, for mitigating the cumulative impact of pollutants and climate change on Arctic marine species. This multidisciplinary approach and the central position of the host institution (Norwegian Polar Institute) in the field of Polar Research will equip the Fellow with a broad set of new skills and lay the foundation for building her specific niche as a future leader in marine pollution science.

The Arctic region is witnessing more frequent shipping accidents than ever which require accurate search and rescue operations. The existing communication systems use drones with radio frequency (RF) technology, which has limited bandwidth and cannot offer 4G/5G connectivity due to harsh weather constraints. It further limits the capacity of drones and affects the resolution of images and videos. The current research proposes to design free space optical communication (FSOC) link-based drones that can enhance connectivity between multiple drones and rescue ships as well as the capacity of drones to produce high resolution images and videos. The proposed FSOC-based drones can provide highspeed connectivity than the existing RF technology. The research will collect atmospheric turbulences data from the Arctic region and use it for designing the FSOC link. Furthermore, to enhance the capacity of FSOC-based drones, the research will design advanced multiplexing schemes (Mode Division Multiplexing and Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access) and to ensure link stability, omnidirectional receiver will be designed. The research will further evaluate the performance of proposed FSOC link under the impact of various atmospheric turbulences. The expected outcomes of this research will lead to the optimisation of FSOC-based drones in expanding search areas and improving communication systems for SAR operations in the Arctic region.

Optimization of Free Space Optical Communication Link based Drones for Search and Rescue Operations in the Arctic Region

Sjøisen i Arktis har minket drastisk de siste tiårene, og Polhavet forventes å være isfritt om sommeren mot slutten av århundret. Denne nedgangen har utsatt store havområder for vind, noe som har resultert i at det oftere dannes store bølger i Polhavet. Disse bølgene kan forplante seg over flere titalls til hundrevis av kilometer i sjøisen, knekke den og akselerere smeltingen. Disse fysiske prosessene – bølger som knekker sjøis og effekten dette har på sjøissmelting og vekst – mangler i modellene vi bruker for å forutsi klimautviklingen. Dette bidrar til store usikkerheter i klimamodeller. Effekten av bølger på sjøisen er heller ikke tatt med i prognoser for havets og sjøisens forhold, som brukes av skip som opererer i islagte farvann. I ForWArd ønsker vi å vurdere bølgenes innvirkning på sjøisens utvikling i det stadig røffere Polhavet. I dette arbeidet brukes en svært avansert modell som inkluderer sjøis, hav, bølger og deres interaksjoner. Vi skal først vurdere hvor godt den representerer forholdene i Polhavet sammenlignet med de få tilgjengelige observasjonene. Vi vil så bruke modellen til å undersøke hvordan bølgehøyden og arealet av ødelagt sjøis har utviklet seg de siste tre tiårene. Deretter vil vi kombinere modellen vår med forholdene i det fremtidige Polhavet gitt av klimafremskrivninger, for å undersøke hvordan betydningen av interaksjoner mellom bølger og is vil utvikle seg ettersom sjøis avtar i det 21. århundre. Vår modells estimering av "bølgepåvirkningen" vil tillate polarvitenskapsmiljøet å vurdere hvor usikre deres klimaspådommer uten bølger er. Til syvende og sist vil våre modellresultater og utviklinger legge grunnlaget for å legge til bølgeeffekter i hav- og sjøisvarsler i Arktis. Dette vil gjøre varslene mer nøyaktige og bidra til sikkerheten for menneskelig aktivitet i denne regionen.

Arctic sea ice decline under climate change has allowed waves to form and grow more easily in the Arctic Ocean. These waves propagate into the sea ice over tens to hundreds of kilometres, fragmenting it into small floes. This area of broken ice, known as the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), is a highly complex region where many interactions occur between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. The action of waves strongly affects these interactions, with rapid feedbacks on the sea ice. However, climate models do not account for these wave-ice interaction processes, which likely contributes to the strong biases in their estimation of modelled sea ice extent and volume and their inability to capture short-term sea ice extent variability. Given the lack of observations available, numerical models remain the best way to estimate how wave-ice interaction processes can impact Arctic sea ice, but most wave-ice coupled models are still prototypes. In ForWArd, we will use one of the most advanced of these models to assess this impact in the context of climate change. To this aim, we will use the latest observations to calibrate the modelled wave-affected area and produce a 30-year-long hindcast of the MIZ extent evolution to analyse how it responded to larger wave height, delayed refreezing, and thinner ice. Then, we will assess the relative importance of the wave-ice interactions suspected to affect sea ice in the MIZ using well-documented events. Finally, we will estimate how waves will contribute to sea ice extent and volume variability in the coming decades, as large areas of open water will remain open until late in the autumn. The flexibility of our setup will allow us to test the sensitivity of our results to model resolution and assumptions, giving invaluable insights into the biases induced by misrepresenting wave-ice interactions. ForWArd will also pave the way for the integration of wave effects in sea ice forecasts, a requirement for safer operations in ice-infested waters.

Forecasting Wave impact as Arctic sea ice declines

Sustainable cultivation of polychaetes as feed in aquaculture

Inline measurement of PVT and thermophysical properties of drilling fluids

I Norge har det vært en økende trend til å benytte regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) i oppdrett på grunn av dens raske vekst og toleranse for et bredt spekter av miljøforhold. I dag utgjør regnbueørret 5 % av den årlige produksjon av laksefisk i Norge. Produksjonen har økt med 14 % det siste tiåret, dvs. fra 14453 til 85233 tonn, noe som gjør regnbueørret til den nest mest produserte arten etter atlantisk laks. Til tross for den store interessen er oppdrett av regnbueørret begrenset på grunn av ulike produksjonsutfordringer. Næringen er bl.a avhengig av sesongbasert rognproduksjon. En utfordring er redusert tilgang på rogn i perioden fra juni til oktober, hvilket resulterer i en 5-måneders periode uten tilgang på stor settefisk, fra mars til juni året etter. Videre er forståelsen av hvordan ulike miljøfaktorer initierer og påvirker utviklingen av sjøvannstoleranse dårlig dokumentert. Bl.a. er overføring til sjøvann basert på kroppsstørrelse i stedet for osmoregulatorisk kapasitet. Av den grunn kan settefisken møte ulike helse og velferds utfordringer etter overføring til sjøvann, noe som kan forklare økende dødelighet (rundt 10 %) og høy forekomst av taper fisk (rundt 10 %) i sjøanleggene. Denne utfordringen påfører oppdrettere betydelige økonomiske tap og representerer et velferdsproblem.
I Sande-prosjektet har vi som mål å utvikle nye produksjonsprotokoller for regnbueørret, fra rogn til stor settefisk, basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme og vannkvalitet. En kritisk faktor i prosjektet vil være testing og validering av nye oppdrettsprosedyrer for å kontrollere fiskevekst og utviklingshastighet for å forlenge eller forkorte smoltproduksjonsperioden og tidspunkt for utsetting til sjø. I tillegg vil vi utvikle nye verktøy og analyser for å vurdere smoltkvalitet og tidspunkt for smoltvindu. Denne kunnskapen vil utgjøre en ny biologisk protokoll som tar sikte på å forbedre produksjonen av settefisk av regnbueørret, og som kan leveres til sjøanlegg hele året.

Idéen bak dette prosjektet er å utvikle en sesong uavhengig protokoll (Best Management Practice, BMP) for regnbueørret, fra befruktet rogn til leveringsklar smolt (settefisk), basert på optimalisert temperatur, lysrytme kontroll og styrt vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå), herunder kartlegge konsekvenser på fiskens ytelse, fysiologi, helse og produksjonstid. 
Prosjektet vil innbefatte tre feltforsøk som gjennomføres hos Sande Settefisk. I første forsøk vil effekt av temperatur på tilvekst, helse og kvalitetsutvikling hos regnbueørret i RAS bli kartlagt. Ett sentralt spørsmål vil være; Hvor mye kan vi endre produksjonstiden til ørret i settefiskfasen i vekstintervallet 20 til 400 gr gitt at snitt-temperaturen endres fra 12 til 8?C.  Dette spørsmålet er viktig da en forsinkelse kan benyttes til å dekke perioder hvor oppdretter står uten settefisk som følge av underskudd på egg om våren. Videre vil vi kartlegge hva som er optimalt lysregime under styrt smoltutvikling, herunder gir best smoltkvalitet. Avslutningsvis vil vi undersøke sammenheng mellom variasjon i vannkvalitet (CO2 nivå) på velferd, tilvekst, helse og kvalitet hos regnbueørret. En viktig del av utviklingsarbeidet vil være teste og validere en nyutviklet analyse for vurdering av smoltkvalitet hos regnbueørret (1. Innovasjon). Basert på positive funn og en integrert tolkning av samspillet mellom biologi, drift og vannmiljø, vil vi foreslå analysemetoder og strategier som bedrer fiskens kvalitet og tilvekstpotensial. Kunnskapen vil sammenfattes i en ny biologisk protokoll (BMP, 2. Innovasjon) for optimal sesonguavhengig produksjon av høykvalitets regnbueørret.  I sum vil prosjektet bidra til å sikre en jevn tilgang på settefisk som kan overføres til sjø hele året, og derav styrke oppdrett av regnbueørret i ett bærekraftig fremtidsrettet perspektiv.

Sesonguavhengig produksjon av regnbueørret

Flytende hydrogen (LH2) er en energibærer som i fremtiden kan bli et lav-karbon alternativ til flytende naturgass (LNG) for global transport av energi. Et nytt tank konsept for storskala transport av flytende hydrogen ombord på skip har blitt utviklet av Moss Maritime i samarbeid med SINTEF Energy og SINTEF Industri. Hydrogenmarkedet er i rask utvikling og for å kunne tilby et kommersielt attraktivt konsept for storskala transport og lagring av flytende hydrogen er det ansett som nødvendig å bygge en prototyp  tank for å demonstrere teknologien og konseptet.

I dette prosjektet vil Moss Maritime, i samarbeid med SINTEF Energy, videreutvikle konseptet for lagring og transport av flytende hydrogen til å bli et fleksibelt konsept som også kan skaleres ned til medium og små tanker. Ambisjonen er å utvikle en prototyp tank som er designet for lagring av flytende hydrogen under atmosfærisk trykk, men som også tåler driftstrykk opp mot 8 bar. Dette gjøres for å kunne tilby et fleksibelt konsept som kan benyttes innenfor flere bruksområder, eksempelvis som en drivstoff-tank for skip med fremdriftssystem som bruker hydrogen som drivstoff.

Både tankstrukturen og isolasjonsmaterialer vil bli verifisert og analysert ved omfattende bruk av avanserte numeriske modeller og beregningsverktøy. Likevel vil det være et behov for å kunne demonstrere at teknologien fungerer som den skal ved å bygge en test tank. Derfor er en viktig del av prosjektet også å utvikle et testprogram og testprosedyrer som er tenkt brukt for å demonstrere teknologien i praksis. Det inneværende prosjektet omfatter ikke bygging og testing av prototype tanken, men det skal etableres et budsjett og planer for bygging, transport og testing av en slik tank, som da vil være basis for neste fase av prosjektet som vil ha fokus på bygging og testing av en hydrogentank.

Liquefied hydrogen (LH2) is a promising low-carbon alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for global transport of energy with high energy density and a large degree of flexibility. Ship transport is necessary to realise large-scale LH2 value chains, but no full-scale LH2 carrier ships currently exist. 

Today, about 20% of the global LNG fleet relies on the spherical LNG tank concept from the Norwegian technology company Moss Maritime (MOSS). This tank design has an excellent track record of failure-free operation and has proven to maintain full integrity over their lifetime. MOSS seeks to adapt this concept to transport of LH2 and use its unique position in the LNG market to provide designs for large-scale LH2 carrier ships.

A novel tank concept for large-scale ship transport (~160,000 m3) has successfully been developed to TRL 4 by MOSS, SINTEF Energy Research and SINTEF Industry in the IPN project HyLaSST (RCN grant agreement no: 321591). The FLH2YT project will pave the way for a system prototype demonstration tank (TRL 6). Structural and thermal assessment of the demonstration tank will be conducted, along with the development of a testing scope for the demonstration tank. Preparations for construction of the demonstration tank, including detailed design documentation and cost analysis will be made. The demonstration-scale tank will be designed to hold up to 8 bar pressure and may form the basis for a new product: A flexible, multi-purpose, medium-scale LH2 storage solution.

Flexible Liquid HYdrogen Tank

Maritim- og offshoreindustrien har etterlyst en mer strukturert metode, som utnytter dagens teknologiske potensial, for å registrere og få tilgang til informasjon om fartøyets skrogtilstand. Utviklingen av en digital tvilling for vurdering av fartøyets skrogtilstand er et svar på dette som har flere fordeler.

Tidligere forskningsresultater har vist at droner tillater trygge,  automatiserte og fleksible fjerninspeksjoner. For å gi droneinspeksjoner en ekstra fordel, bør teknologi for å utføre droneinspeksjon mens fartøyet seiler, og muligheten til å automatisk gjøre tykkelsesmålinger, utvikles. Registrering av inspeksjonsdata fra droner til en digital tvilling er et naturlig neste steg. Gitt tilstrekkelig kvalitet på drone-innsamlede data, i tillegg til effektiv registrering av menneskelig innsamlede data, kan både menneskelige og dronebaserte inspeksjoner gi data til en digital tvilling og komplementere hverandre. Dette kan muliggjøre en mer effektiv overvåkning av skrogtilstand og redusere antall ganger mennesker utsettes for farene ved inspeksjon av trange/innestengte rom.

Ved å samle inn relevante skrogdata er det et potensial for å utnytte historisk informasjon fra en mengde fartøyer til å lage en statistisk modell for å forutsi skrogtilstanden. Dette kan tillate estimering av skrogets tilstand basert på operasjonelle forhold et fartøy har vært utsatt for. I kombinasjon med konstruksjonsmodeller kan dette også brukes til å automatisk lage skroginspeksjonsplaner som prioriterer områder med økt risiko for å ha feil.

Prosjektet ledes av DNV, et ledende klassifikasjonsselskap, i samarbeid med rederiene Altera Infrastructure og Klaveness, som er henholdsvis oljetanker- og lasteskipsoperatører i dette prosjektet, ScoutDI, en inspeksjonsdrone-leverandør, og NTNU gjennom Autonomous Robots Lab ved avdeling for kybernetikk.

The project will develop the concept of a digital twin of the hull condition for assessing the structural integrity and compliance of the physical hull. The digital twin is kept up to date with the physical hull over its lifetime by frequently collecting large amounts of data, in non-intrusive ways that do not interrupt business operations. This enables continuous monitoring and compliance assessment. Autonomous drones collect the data instead of humans to improve personnel safety. Automated damage detection and coating breakdown assessment assists the human expert, leading to improved quality of the structural integrity assessment. The project will enable digital twin-based surveys as industrial standard and realize economic and safety benefits as well as reducing environmental footprint due to reduced need for travels. 

The innovation will lead to improved quality and safety of vessel inspection services, in particular: 
1. Hull condition assessment and continuous compliance decision in a 3D digital twin, a multi-data digital representation of the physical hull based on data such as high-precision point clouds, videos, AIS and weather data. The digital twin also holds location-tagged thickness measurements, history of damages and repairs, and data of sister vessels. 
2. High coverage, high-quality, location-tagged data of the hull compartment, collected frequently by autonomous/automated drones with semantic knowledge of the physical structure. Automated data collection ensures standardized data which improves comparison with historical data. Drone-based collection during sailing or between discharge and loading of cargo causes minimal interruption of business operations. 
3. Automated damage detection in point clouds and videos, automated damage probability predictions based on data in the digital twin, and an automatically generated targeted inspection plan for the drones as well when physical inspections are deemed necessary.

Assessment of ship hull Integrity based on a Digital Twin

Trådløs kommunikasjonsrevolusjon i maritim industri

Scandinavian Reach Technologies leder et banebrytende prosjekt for trådløs kommunikasjon i stålkonstruksjoner, som skip. ScanReach fokuserer på å forbedre sitt produkt for trådløs tilkobling om bord (OWC) for å møte de økende kravene fra den maritime industrien, offshore og havvindindustrien, som raskt går over til digitale og IoT-baserte operasjoner for forbedret effektivitet, sikkerhet og motstandsdyktighet.

Innovativ teknologi: Teknologien er designet for å muliggjøre trådløs kommunikasjon i stål-dominerte miljøer, en kjent utfordring i den maritime sektoren. Denne teknologien baserer seg på lavenergi-radio meshnettverksnoder som muilggjør trådløs datatransport gjennom skip, og baner vei for diverse IoT-applikasjoner som sporing av personell og eiendeler, og integrering av miljøsensorer. Med en industri som beveger seg mot digitale tvillinger, maskinlæring og overvåking av energiforbruk i sanntid, utvikler selskapet neste generasjon av avanserte kommunikasjonsnoder. Disse nodene er ment å håndtere større mengder trådløse data, noe som gjør dem passende for de høyteknologiske kravene til moderne skipsfart.

Fordeler over tradisjonelle systemer: Denne innovasjonen skiller seg ut fra tradisjonelle trådløse løsninger som ofte sliter i tette stålrike skipmiljøer og bruk av kabler. Den fjerner behovet for omfattende og kostbar kabling, noe som fører til en forenklet infrastruktur, enklere installasjon og lavere vedlikeholdskostnader.

Fokus på forskning og utvikling: F&U-arbeidet er fokusert på å utvikle et effektivt og pålitelig trådløst system for maritime industrier. Dette inkluderer å identifisere brukbare frekvenser og protokoller for robust kommunikasjon i ståltunge miljøer, og designe kompakt, energieffektivt utstyr. Prosjektet innebærer en kombinasjon av litteraturgjennomgang, datamodellering, eksperimentell prototyping og felttesting.

This project strives to advance wireless communication in large steel structures, such as ships, improving our existing Onboard Wireless Connectivity (OWC) product. This enhancement will bolster Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS market presence and relevance in the competitive shipping industry. The primary need for this innovation arises from the maritime, offshore, and sea wind industries. These industries are transitioning towards digital and IoT-based operational models for efficiency, safety, and resilience. 

Scandinavian Reach Technologies is at the forefront of addressing this need. Its revolutionary technology enables efficient wireless communication within confined steel environments. It eliminates the need for costly and complex cabling based on an innovative, low-power radio mesh networking node that allows wireless data transport to the gateway/edge computer throughout the mesh network. This technology paves the way for various IoT applications, such as tracking personnel and assets, collecting environmental sensor readings, and integrating other third-party sensors.
 
While the company's current mesh nodes are designed for simple sensor data and limited data volumes, the emerging ambitions for Digital Twins, Machine Learning models, and Real-time Energy Consumption monitoring in the industry have created a demand for high-volume wireless data transport to an internet endpoint. To meet this demand, Scandinavian Reach Technologies AS is dedicated to developing next-generation communication nodes capable of handling large amounts of wireless data in complex steel environments to replace signal cabling entirely.

SteelWave High Volume Wireless Communication Platform for Steel Environments (HWC-SE)

Utslipp av miljøgifter i Arktis er lave, men høye konsentrasjoner av persistente organiske miljøgifter (POP) og kvikksølv (Hg) er registrert i arktiske sjøfugler i hekkesesongen. Miljøgifter transporteres over store avstander fra mer sørlige områder til Arktis med elver, hav- og luftstrømmer hvor de avsettes på havis og isbreer i arktiske habitater. Smelting av havis og isbreer har økt over tid med klimaendringer, som også frigjør miljøgifter i Arktis.
Sjøfugler er utsatt for miljøgifter i hekkesesongen i Arktis, med negative effekter på reproduksjon og atferd. Sjøfugler er også trekkende arter som overvintrer i sørlige havområder, hvor de blir mer utsatt for miljøgifter enn om sommeren. Langtidseffektene av både sommer- og vinterforurensning på sjøfuglenes overlevelse og reproduksjon er fortsatt lite studert. Vi tar sikte på å fylle dette kunnskapshullet for å bedre håndtere risikoen for langsiktige og akutte effekter av miljøgifter på sårbare arktiske fuglearter. Vårt arbeid vil være viktig for bevaring av sjøfugler.
Vi vil studere tre sjøfuglarter som hekker i Kongsfjorden på Svalbard, men lever av ulike typer byttedyr og overvintrer i ulike regioner som påvirker deres eksponering for miljøgifter. De tre studieartene er ærfugl (Somateria mollissima), tyvjo (Stercorarius parasiticus) og storjo (S. skua). Disse artene har vært overvåket for miljøgifter i 14-16 år i Kongsfjorden, og vi planlegger ytterligere feltarbeid. For analyser av miljøgifter vil vi samarbeide med eksperter fra laboratoriet LIENSs ved Universitetet i La Rochelle (Frankrike), ARCTOX-nettverket og NILU. Vinterområdene vil bli studert i samarbeid med SEATRACK-programmet. ACCUMULATION skal kombinere moderne verktøy innen sporing av fugletrekk, økotoksikologi (miljøgifter og økologi) og demografi (reproduksjon og overlevelse).

The Arctic has become a sink for pollutants like Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg), exacerbated by climate change. As POPs and Hg increase in individuals (i.e., bioaccumulation) and into marine food chains (i.e. biomagnification), top-predators like seabirds present some of the highest wildlife concentrations, making them particularly sensitive to the pollutants toxicity. The long-term effects of contaminants on Arctic seabird population dynamics are still scarcely explored but the few studies found that those pollutants had deleterious effects on adult survival or breeding success for the most contaminated species. However, those studied focused on breeding period contamination only, that just represent a part of their annual cycle. With this project, we aim to study the influence of seasonal (i.e., breeding and non-breeding period) and spatial variations in distribution and contamination by POPs and Hg on population dynamics of Arctic seabirds. More specifically, we will study the influence on the population survival of 1/ long-term contaminant exposure during breeding periods and the relationship with climate change, 2/ non-breeding distribution and long-term contaminant exposure. To do so, we will study common eiders (Somateria mollissima), Arctic- (Stercorarius parasiticus) and great skuas (S. skua) breeding sympatrically at Kongsfjorden (Svalbard), where they have been monitored for ~17 years. Ultimately, this research will be essential to better acknowledge the risk of long-term and acute contamination to pollutants on already sensitive Arctic seabird species. Dr Albert will 1/ lead two additional field seasons to collect blood and feathers samples, and deploy geotracking devices 2/ do the laboratory analyses and 3/ perform population dynamics analyses. We will work with an interdisciplinarity team to investigate for the first time spatial ecology, ecotoxicology, climate change and population dynamics.

Long-term effects of environmental changes on ArctiC seabirds: effeCts of seasonal distribUtion and contaMination on popULATION dynamics

Midlene fra SHP-Strategiske høgskoleprogram fordelt på år

Midlene fra SHP-Strategiske høgskoleprogram fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra SHP-Strategiske høgskoleprogram fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Prosjektet skal gjennom fire delprosjekter undersøke konkrete flerkulturelle møteplasser som er viktige i nordnorsk hverdagsliv. Det tas utgangspunkt i tradisjonelle og historiske forhold, men undersøkelsen vil i hovedsak rettes inn mot nåtidige forhold n år det gjelder slektsformer som problemløsningsarena, undervisning, folkemedisin og frivillig organisasjonsliv. Denne dokumentasjonen vil danne utgangspunkt for analyser der organiseringen av interessekonflikter og samarbeidsformer i hverdagslivets fleret niske fellesskap er det viktigste. På hvilke måter skiller disse fellesskapene seg fra offentlige og politiske fora, og de diskusjonene som foregår der? 
Den forskningsmessige målsettingen for prosjektet er dermed å: 
<h>1. fokusere på hvordan kulturell u likhet håndteres og har blitt håndtert på enkelte av hverdagslivets områder i Nord Norge, og 
<h>2. analysere hvordan de kulturelle ulikheter som her gjøres gjeldende i hverdagslivet skiller seg fra den etnisitetsdebatt som fremtrer i politisk diskurs og  i offentlige institusjoner.

Flerkulturelle møteplasser. Nordnorsk hverdagsliv i etniske grenseområder.

Photons do not have mass, but they have momentum. This momentum can be used to move objects. However, the momentum is very small, and intense laser beams are necessary to move microparticles. In this project, light propagating in an optical waveguide will  be used to move microparticles and cells on the surface of a glass substrate. This is a precise method to control the particles, and it can also be combined with functions to determine the composition of the particles and sort them.
Within this project, a demonstrator will be made for manipulation, characterisation and sorting of single cells for applications in biomedicine. Optical waveguides and other integrated optics devices will be combined with microfluidic channels to form the Lab-on-a-Chip demons trator. A part of the project is devoted to on- and off-chip methods to characterise microparticles and cells, and in particular Raman spectroscopy will be studied. This research will contribute to future generations of medical care instrumentation with f ocus on continuous point-of-care monitoring, rather than hugely expensive centralised, intermittent monitoring. The project will support leading edge research within biomedical research, and give a better physical understanding of the interaction of light  with microspheres and cells on a fundamental level. It is cross-disciplinary, with contributions from optics, mathematics, MEMS-technology and biomedicine.
A PhD and a post-doc position will be funded by the project, and several MSc-students in physics a nd mathematics will be connected to the project. National and international cooperation with leading research centres, as well as local collaboration, are integrated and necessary parts of the project.

OPTICAL FUNCTIONS AND LAB-ON-A-CHIP FOR MICROPARTICLES AND BIOMEDICINE

Numerical algorithms for computing local erosion due to flood damages will be developed and tested in the project. The work will be based on existing 3D CFD programs capable of computing water and sediment transport in rivers. The models are based on solu tion of the Navier-Stokes equations and the k-epsilon turbulence model. Sediment transport is computed solving the convection-diffusion equation for sediment concentration. Bed changes are computed based on empirical formulas used as boundary conditions f or the sediment computations. An adaptive grid is used, changing over time as the bed elevation in the river move. Field and laboratory data will be collected from cases where erosion damage has been investigated, and compared with results from the numeri cal model. New algorithms will be developed based on the data and on knowledge about turbulence and sediment transport in rivers. Large-Eddy Simulations will be used to enhance our understanding of these processes. The new algorithms will involve enhanced  turbulence models, criteria for erosion at the bed of multiple sediment sizes, sediment movements on beds with complex geometry, interaction between bed load and suspended load, and advanced algorithms for grid movements in complex geometries.  Publicati ons will include a number of journal papers and conference presentations. The results will also be used in the courses in hydraulic engineering taught at NTNU.

Numerical modelling of erosion damages during floods

Internationally several research groups work to develop CMUT, Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers, for medical imaging purposes. In an ongoing NFR-project, SMiDA, at our department aiming at development of CMUT arrays for intravascular 3D imag ing at 30 MHz it has become clear that present mounting technologies are inadequate to mount such arrays. A high centre frequency and 3D capability of the imaging increases the difficulty of the problem. There are many different medical applications which  ask for high frequencies. Assistance during surgery, intravascular imaging, skin imaging, and others will benefit from frequencies of perhaps as high as 50MHz. 

The main factors that make the mounting demanding is the high frequency combined with the 3D  capability of the imaging. This requires connection to each transducer element in an arry with high pitch, 25 micrometers centre to centre spasing in two direction for the 30 MHz case. And further the acoustic requirements that has to be fulfilled at the  same time to make the array function satisfactorily. These include damping of acoustic waves carried by the substrate that will interact with the CMUT array. Especially waves with phase velocities above the acoustic velocity in water will be harmfull and  distort the response, but also slower waves with low losses may be harmfull.

The project will be carried out in close cooperation with Dag T. Wang, at Sintef, Oslo. The Mina-lab there, which is well wquiped for silicon micromachining, will supply much o f the technology that is requierd during the project. Dag T. Wang will serve as a coadvicer for the PhD student. His CV is enclosed.

Integration of electronics and mechanics in next generation ultrasound transducers in medical imaging.

Determining the age of injuries on a victim's body is an important aspect of forensic medicine, for example in cases of abuse. Visual assessment is most commonly used to estimate the age of a bruise. However, interpretation of the finding is purely subjec tive and relies strongly on the skills and experience of the observer, and might be disturbed by factors like e.g. ambient lighting or photo quality. The uncertainty in the result is therefore comparatively large. Thus, there is a need for an objective, e asily manageable method to date bruises. This study has been initiated to develop such a method based on optical methods for tissue diagnostics, e.g. reflectance spectroscopy, combined with mathematical models developed to describe the temporal developmen t of a bruise. To construct such a method it is important to have a thorough knowledge about how human tissue responds to a traumatic incident. Skin thickness and diffusion properties in human skin are required parameters to determine the age of a bruise.  The first phase of this project will focus on establishing the technology necessary to acquire the model parameters. The second phase will focus on development and testing of the mathematical algorithms on experimental data. This study will be of an inte rdisciplinary nature and will require a combined effort from electrical engineering, physics, biomechanics, medicine and forensic science. The project has a large commercial interest and a preliminary patent application has been filed in cooperation with the NTNU Technology transfer office.

Optical and mechanical characterization of human tissue with a special focus on forensic applications

Turbulent flows in rotating systems are of major practical concern in gas turbines and hydraulic machinery. It is well known that system rotation affects not only the mean fluid motion but also the turbulence field. The Coriolis force arising from the rot ation of the frame-of-reference gives rise to secondary flows which crucially alter the mean flow pattern and thereby the throughflow. Surface roughness is generally known to increase the flow resistance in pipes and channels, but the knowledge about the effect of roughness on the flow in a rotating passage is meager. 

The project?s overall aim is to explore the effects of surface roughness on the turbulent flow through a rotating channel.  It is hypothesized that the pressure loss will be correlated not  only with the relative roughness height but also with the rate of rotation. To enable an in-depth exploration of the turbulent flow in a rough-wall rotating channel, direct numerical simulations will be performed. This implies solutions of the time-depen dent Navier-Stokes equations on a three-dimensional grid with typically 100 million nodes on the national high-performance computers.  Of particular interest is to investigate if and how the instantaneous flow field in the vicinity of the roughness elemen ts is affected differently depending on the sense of rotation.

Roughness and rotating fluid turbulence

Transportation and logistics are vital activities for the development, organization and operation of human society. Most social and economic activities involve transportation and depend upon the timely and efficient movement of people, goods and informati on. Logistics focuses on the planning and coordination of the flows of materials and information both within and between a firm and its partners. 

Since these activities are so important both for society and firms, quantitative planning has been standard  for decades. Typical problems that require the use of quantitative tools is the setup of truck schedules for goods transporters such as Linjegods, or DHL, and the allocation of crew and physical equipment to the routes, such as determining which drivers will drive which routes and which trucks will be used where.

These models are, due to both historical and practical reasons, always deterministic optimization models. The world, however, is stodchastic, and the users face a continuous stream of small and  large shocks leading to interrupted operations. Hence, they also have large departments handling interruptions. However, world class scheduling and interruption departments can lead to a mediocre total behaviour, as the plans arising in deterministic mod els are neither flexible (able to adjust to shocks) nor robust (able to withstand shocks). This is not accidental, but an inherent property of deterministic models. Robustness and flexibility come at cost, and since there are no suprises in a deterministi c world, there is no reason to pay these costs. 

Stochastic optimization models can i principle handle flexibility and robustness, but for large cases, these models are unsolvable. We suggest a project to study, based on smaller cases, what constitutes f lexibility and robustness in some classes of discrete optimization models, and from this understanding we try to construct good solutions also for large realistic cases. This is a unique approach.

Creating robust and flexible logistics solutions using optimization

A research project in minimally invasive surgery aimed at methods in haptic and tactile feedback for robotic surgery is proposed. The project partners will be The Interventional Centre at Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norwegian University of Science  and Technolgy (NTNU), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University California San Francisco (UCSF) and CompuTouch AS. Project Manager is Professor Olav Egeland, who is professor in robotics at the Department of Engi neering Cybernetics at NTNU. The coursework and the initial theoretical studies will be done at NTNU, while the two last years with experimental research work will be performed at the Intervention Center of Rikshospitalet. The project will benefit from ve ry advanced and highly available laboratory resources at Rikshospitalet, and from close cooperation with specialists on minimally invasive surgery.

Multimodal User-interfaces for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MUMIS)
- Haptic and Tactile feedback for robotic surgery

Background
The demand for maritime transport services is increasing consistently, and there are no signs that the world economy will rely less heavily on maritime transport in the future. There is an increased need for optimization-based decision support systems (DSS) to handle the complex ship routing and scheduling challenges that the shipping industry faces.  Transportation routing and scheduling stand out as one of the major success stories of Operational Research. However, relatively little research has been done in ship routing and scheduling internationally. The research group at NTNU within ship routing and scheduling is today one of the most active and internationally renowned groups and need to increase their size and activity to maintain and st rengthen this position. 

Strategic significance and relevance to society
Proper planning of fleets and their operations through OPTIMAR research activity has the potential of improving economic performance, reducing shipping costs for the shipping compan ies, improving flexibility and customer service and reducing damage to the environment. OPTIMAR can enhance the research activity within ship routing and scheduling in Norway and by this strengthen the research position internationally.

Research areas
In  OPTIMAR we want to focus on problems most relevant for the shipping industry. The research will be based on real planning challenges. The potential topics we want to focus on are market and contract evaluation and selection, optimal fleet design and line r network design at the strategic level. At the tactical level, ship routing and scheduling will be prioritized, where we want to focus on tramp ship scheduling problems with fixed and flexible cargo quantities and integrated inventory management and ship  scheduling problems. We need to develop new theory, models, exact methods and heuristics to solve the focused problems. 

Dissemination
We will publish at least 10 papers, participate at international conferences regularly, organize a research workshop a nd an industry seminar, cooperate with other programs in organizing industry seminars and include OPTIMAR results and theory in NTNU courses.


Optimization in Maritime Transportation and Logistics

The project is based on new innovative radar technology which has been developed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and 3d-Radar AS since 2001. The field-proven radar system has demonstrated unique capabilities for detecting buried obje cts such as cables, pipes etc. For efficient detection of land-mines, the signal quality of the system needs to be further improved in order to fulfill the requirements for humanitarian mine detection.

NTNU will play a key role in R&D on advanced signal processing and interpretation algorithms. NTNU will be responsible for the following activities in the project: 
a)	Conduct research and development within the field of signal processing through the PhD projects.
b)	Participate in field tests using the ra dar equipment developed in collaboration with 3d-Radar AS.
c)	Analyze radar data and evaluate system performance

3d-Radar activity
3d-Radar will be responsible for the following activities in the project: 
a)	Develop a new radar hardware platform based o n the requirements for landmine detection
b)	Test and evaluate new signal processing concepts developed through the R&D project
c) Perform field tests in collaboration with NTNU

Signal Processing for Landmine Detection

The project aims to develop and apply a Large Eddy Scale ocean model capable of calculating the three-dimensional turbulent ocean flow from the bottom to the free surface, where the latter forms part of the solution. Such a solver will be able to resolve the large three-dimensional turbulent structures in the ocean. This facilitates predictions of flow phenomena which can not be predicted with present models. The project will study the wave-current interaction in the ocean with this model. Of particular i nterest is the interaction between the free surface and the flow deeper in the water column. This model also facilitates a study of e.g. wave-wave interactions in the sea with a current present.

Wave-Current Interactions and Transport Mechanisms in the Ocean

Christian Løvaas will pursue a PhD in controlsystems technology at The University of Newcastle. 
The topic of research, robustness in MPC, falls within the fascinating general area of control systems technology, which is an internationally recognized area  of research at The University of Newcastle in Australia. Control systems technology seeks to automate and control physical processes, and it has a wide domain of applications within transport, medicine and industry. MPC stands for model predictive contro l which captures two of the main aspects of this control policy, namely "model" and "prediction". MPC determines its manipulated signals or "control inputs" to a process at any instant of time by using a mathematical model to predict future behavior of th e process. The research will focus on "robust" and "fast" MPC. "Robust" refers to designs that explicitly, in order to further improve process performance, takes into account the fact that a mathematical model rarely will predict process behavior exactly.  While "fast", refers to studies on reducing the time spent by a computer running MPC to deduce the desired control inputs from predictions of process behavior. The motivation for reducing computation time is to successfully employ MPC technology on large r and faster systems. The proposed topics are very exciting and we will initially be looking at some promising connections to other control policies in a hope to combine and fully understand their potentials.

Ph.D. at The University of Newcastle on Robust model predictive control

This application is seeking funding to invite six key-note speakers and four session chairmen/panelists to the Conference ECOS 2005 in Trondheim. We are also asking support to have technical assistance for production of the Proceedings. 

This conference on energy technology with focus on the environment, is expected to draw about 350 participants from all over the world. It is number 18 in a series of yearly events, and one ambition is to increase its international basis. 

The conference is held in Norw ay for the first time, and is new in its combination of five focus points: 1) CO2 abatement technologies, 2) industrial ecology, 3) non-equilibrium thermodynamics, 4) process integration and 5) renewable energy systems. A record high number of professiona l women take part in the organisation, and young scientists will actively help lead it. Its association to a tradition ensures that it will be organised. 

The chairman of the conference, prof. Signe Kjelstrup, was elected chairman on the 16th meeting in Berlin 2002.

The 18th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, 
Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems

Snowmelt in urban areas is known to have strong influence on flooding in urban storm sewer systems. It has been argued that a change in climate can lead to even more flooding. To reduce the risk of incorrect design criteria it is important to study effect s of snowmelt and climate change on urban drainage systems.
The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of snowmelt and climate change on design of urban storm water systems. Urban flood frequency curves (FFC) will be developed for sum mer time and whole-year runoff data, using an urban hydrological model in combination with temporal downscaling techniques. The difference between FFC-summer and FFC-whole-year will directly quantify the effect of snowmelt on urban flood frequency.
A simi lar approach will be used to study the effect of climate change on urban FFC. Based on the results from the investigations, guidelines for design of urban storm water systems will be developed.


Effect of snowmelt and climate change on design of urban storm water system

Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet skal arrangere et nordisk seminar "16th Nordic Seminar in Computational Mechanics" (NSCM XVI), som arrangeres over to dager. Dette er et årlig seminar som går på omgang mellom de nordiske universitetene og so m normalt trekker ca. 100 deltakere avhengig av hvor sentralt i Norden arrangementet finner sted.  Professor Pål G. Bergan fyller 60 år 29. oktober 2003. Denne anledning har Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk tenkt å markere ved å arrangere et seminar i kombinasjon med NSCM XVI i perioden 16.-18. oktober 2003. Første dag av arrangementet er viet profes sor Bergan. Til denne delen av arrangementet har vi invitert professorene Tom R. Hughes (University of Texas at Austin), Carlos Felippa (University of Colorado at Boulder), Ted Belytschko (Northwestern University), Eugenio Onate (Universitat Politecnica d e Catalunya, Barcelona), Ekkehard Ramm (University of Stuttgart), Niels Saabye Ottosen (Lund University) and Nils-Erik Wiberg (Chalmers Tekniska Høgskola). De inviterte foredragsholderne er alle fremstående spesialister og ledere av internasjonalt velrenomerte forskningsmiljø innen "computational mechanics". I tillegg til de utenlandske foredragsholderne har vi invitert Bergan og to av hans tidligere dr.ing. studenter professor Tore H. Søreide (Reinertsen Engineering AS) og Magne K. Nygård (Aker Kværner Technology AS) til å bidra som foredragsholdere. De inviterte foredragene vil ta opp tema som vil være svært sentrale for forskningsmiljøene i Norge og ikke m inst høyst aktuelle i forbindelse med videre utbygging av oljefelter på dypt vann.

Seminaret "16th Nordic Seminar in Computational Mechanics (NSCM XVI)", 16.-18. oktober 2003

Målsettingen for doktorgradsprosjektet er å videreutvikle prinsipper, metoder og modeller for usikkerhetsstyring ved gjennomføring av prosjekter der både tekniske, økonomiske, menneskelige, organisatoriske og ledelsesmessige faktorer blir vurdert. Anvende lsesområdet vil være rettet mot prosjektstyring i industrien. Det legges spesielt vekt på menneskelige, organisatoriske og ledelsesmessige forhold (Human and arganizational factors), og disse forholds innvirkning på ulike prosjekters endelige resultat. Do ktorgradsprosjektet vil bidra til å styrke det faglige fundament for prosjektstyring og -ledelse og sikre at de metoder som brukes fører til de riktige beslutninger og dermed maksimal verdiskaping.  Prosjektet planlegges inndelt i flere delaktiviteter, blant annet:  1. Undersøkelse for å kartlegge ulike menneskelige, organisatoriske og ledelsesmessige forhold som er typiske for ulike prosjekter og bransjer. En utgreining om hvordan forholdene påvirker og eventuelle tiltak som kan redusere deres innvirkning på prosjek tet.  2. Hvordan menneskelige, organisatoriske og ledelsesmessige faktorer kan bidra til de ulike fasene i et prosjekt gjennomføres på mest mulig optimal måte.  3. Bruk av risiko- og usikkerhetsanalyser som beslutningsunderlag.  4. Utvikling av modeller/metoder/metodikker som belyser de ulike faktorenes innvirkning på usikkerheten i prosjekter.  5. Testing av modeller/metoder/metodikker som skal belyse faktorers innvirkning på usikkerhet i prosjekter.

Usikkerheter ved gjennomføring av prosjekter i industrien

Structural impact problems have become increasingly important both for the modern industry and society. One area which is poorly covered in the literature, is the interaction in response between localised indentation/perforation and global response when a  projectile impacts a plate. This will normally take place when the response changes from typically global structural deformation using large mass projectiles in the low velocity regime towards localised indentation and perforation as the projectile mass is reduced and the impact velocity is increased. In the present project this issue will be studied by firing rigid projectiles against aluminium plates in order to define the mechanisms controlling the response when varying the projectiles mass, nose of the projectile, target thickness as well as the im pact velocity. Aluminium targets have been choosen due to its potential in protective structures in the process and nuclear industry as well as in lightweight fortification installations. Based on the obtained test data when going from large mass/low velocity impact to small mass/large velocity impact the traditionally linear scaling laws will be studied and evaluated. The tests will be carried out in the existing testing facilities at SIM Lab and supported by numerical simulations using the computer code LS-DYNA. The results from the study is planned to give recommandations of how to design aluminium targets subjected to projectile impact where a coupling between different deformation mode s is required.

Impact behaviour of aluminium plates: Interaction between global and local response

Prosjektet tar for seg modellering og regulering av fartøy og neddykket i last i forbindelse med marine operasjoner under ekstreme værsituasjoner. I forbindelse med olje- og gassutbygging på store vanndyp vil behovet helårs vedlikeholds- og intervensjonso perasjoner på undervannsinstallasjoner øke. Dette medfører nye forskningsutfordringer knyttet til marine operasjoner. Økte avstander (opp mot 3000 m), ukjente tidsvarierende strømlaster samt operasjon i værharde områder, vil øke eksponere fartøy, delsyste mer og reguleringssystemer for ekstreme belastninger.
I prosjektet skal det tas sikte på å utvikle ny generisk kunnskap og metoder relatert til regulering av skip og neddykket last i ekstreme situasjoner med dominerende ulineraiteter

Control of vessel and suspended load subject to extreme conditions

In this work, we investigate the case for using an AFM to directly define a piezoelectric transducer in a ferroelectric thin film in order to excite and detect high frequency SAW signals. The wavelength of the SAW signal is given by twice the domain size of the periodically polarized ferroelectric thin film. This technique has recently been demonstrated at the University of Geneva. The proposal combines the theoretical and experimental know-how of classical SAW technology accumulated at NTNU with the know -how at AFM manipulation of ferroelectric domain geometry at the University of Geneva. The objective is to study the acoustic propagation properties of this novel device, using both electrical and optical techniques. The SAW laser probe technique, in combination with AFM tailoring of ferroelectric domains, constitute a unique experimental s et-up for the study of acoustic properties of ferroelectric this films. In particular, we shall investigate the reflection and transmission coefficients of a single ferroelectric domain wall, important to explain the attenuation of SAW signals in ferroelectric materials. We shall also use theoretical modelling to study the re sponse and simulate/optimize the device characteristics. The AFM writing is foreseen to be carried out in Geneva, whereas the subsequent characterization and analysis will take place at the Department of Physical Electronics, NTNU.

Surface acoustic wave devices based on thin film piezoelectric interdigital transducers

Bakgrunn
Et viktig begrep innen virvelinduserte vibrasjoner VIV er strømningens Reynoldstall, Re=UD/v. På oljefelt til havs opplever stigerør strømning med vesentlig høyere Reynoldstall enn hva man til nå har klart å reprodusere eksperimentelt i hydrodyna miske laboratorier. Dette er viktig, siden fysikken i virvelløsningen bak sylinderen vil avhenge av Reynoldstallet.

Problemstilling
Bygge opp kapasitet for, og forske på virvelindusterte vibrasjoner ved Reynoldstall i det kritiske området.

Betydning
Det te er viktig for oljeselskaper og myndigheter i oljeproduserebde land. Nøyaktige beregninger av VIV er avgjørende for sikker drift av oljeinstallasjoner til Havs.



Virvelinduserte vibrasjoner til sirkulære sylingere ved høye Reynoldstall

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool for simulating gas explosions has matured for the last two decades to the point where it is now considered a valuable tool for quantifying the effects of an explosions in a congested (obstructed) environment, e .g. an off-shore oil and gas producting platform or an on-shore chemical plant. The gas explosion simulators FLACS, EXSIM and AutoReaGas have played a key role in this development. Industry practice today is to apply so called venting guidelines to design pressure relief on a vessel, according to different standard or guidelines like VDI 3673 or NFPA 68. These guidelines are designed based on a limited set of experiments. The guidel ines are not always consistent, and are often applied non-conservatively as major limitations are violated. CDF-tools like FLACS are much more flexible than the venting guidelines, and can model a range of parameters not covered by the guidelines. However, the tool is not optimized for this use, and lack severely validation. The objective of the current work is  to evaluate how FLACS can predict necessary vent area for various situations involving flame acceleration in pipes and linked vessels.

Numerical modeling of gas, vapour and dust explosions in pipers and linked vessels

The proposal addresses some fundamental scientific issues of key relevance for advanced particle detectors based on high-purity low-doped silicon. Fabrication of such devices is a core activity within Micro(Nano)-System-Technology (M(N)ST) and a vital par t of the international 'MST-profile' of Norway. The most critical aspect of these detectors is the formation of electrically active defects in the Si-material when exposed to particle irradiation. Defects in high-purity and low-doped Si are scarcely studied and poorly understood, and in this project we will investigate the formation mechanisms, annealing kinetics and structural symmetry of the major irradiation-induced point defects and higher-orde r complexes (nanoclusters) in such Si-materials. This will give imperative knowledge of how to 'engineer' Si-wafers in order to obtain detectors with the utmost radiation hardness and it will also provide input to computer modeling of the defect character istics. Excellent experimental facilities exist (or will exist) for processing and characterization of the Si-samples. Here, the new Microsystem Research Laboratory (MRL) in Oslo, Gaustabekkdalen, will be an invaluable asset. Further, the project involves extensi ve international collaboration with several leading groups in the field of Si particle detectors and irradiation-induced defects, and it is conducted in close association with one Nordic and two European networks.

Point defects and nanoclusters in irradiated high-purity silicon

The prediction of high frequency noise and vibration levels in a complex structure is an extremely difficult task, and no fully reliable analysis method exists at present. The most commonly used technique, Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), provides a goo d prediction in some cases, but it cannot as yet fully account for energy flow along the stiffening members of a typical stringer-skin construction commonly used in the aerospace and marine industries. For example, in the case of a stiffened panel, the present theory gives good results when excitation is applied to the plate itself, while the results are far from satisfactory when considering excitation on the beam. Now, in many engineering applications , the actual dynamic loading on a stiffened structure will in fact come from a source attached to the stiffener(s). Hence, there is need for modifying the existing theory on which SEA is based. This task is not trivial, as there are certain fundamental assumptions in the theory that need to be revised. A detailed study of wave motion in stringer-skin contructions will be performed, and the improved theory will be incorporated into SEA in order to increase the range of applicability of the method.

Development of improved methods for predicting high frequency noise and vibration levels in aerospace and marine vehicles

The request for increasingly smaller structures with adaptive ("smart") performance characteristics in micro- and nano-system technology implies totally new challenges for synthesis and characterization of semiconductor structures with nanoscopic dimensio ns. This proposal deals with two of the most promising wide-band-gap semiconductors for the development of new micro/nanotechnology, namely SiC and GaN. Some main applications of these materials are high temperature electronics like sensors in harsh environments, optoelectronic devices for communication, high-power and high-frequency devices for efficient (low power loss) and inexpensive connection of ren ewable and partly intermittent DC energy sources to the existing AC-electrical network. The aim of this project is to study the electrical properties of SiC- and GaN-structures and correlate the results with those from optical and structural techniques. A special focus will be on the understanding of how the electrical and optical properies can be tuned by either defect complexes involving lanthanide atoms or quantum structures (wells and dots) of different SiC-polytypes. Excellent facilities are available at UoO for electrical characterization of the synthesized SiC- and GaN-structures. Further, a close collaboration with several leading groups in the field is foreseen and close links exist with research partners in Europ e (Germany,Sweden, France), USA and Australia.

Electrical characterization of defects and quantum structures in silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN)

A major cause of unacceptable cast metallic products is macrosegregation, which is encountered in most solidification processes. This defect refers to the uncontrolled redistributon of alloying elements during solidification that leads to large-scale comp osition inhomogeneities. Macrosegregation formation is caused by long-range transport of alloying elements due the relative motion between the liquid and solid phases that co-exist in the solidification interval. There are several mechanisms leading to such relative motion. One o f these is the melt flow induced due to deformation of the solid skeleton, which has received relatively little attention in the scientific literature. The goal og the project is to establish a mathematical model that quantifies the macrosegregation formation caused by deformations of the mushy zone. This also includes the establishment of a material model and associated constitutive equations for the rh eological behaviour of the "sponge-Like" mushy zone. The work will be based on a recent research carried out in a collaboration with Institute National Polytechnique de Grenoble. Besides the fundamental aspects, work will be directed towards studying how different process parameters influence macrosegregati on formation, thus providing new insight for industrial process improvements.

Mathematical modelling of macrosegregation formation caused by deformation caused by deformation of the mushy zone

Basic context: An electric spark is a complex ignition source, and a dust cloud is a complex fuel. The very hot plasma generated, by dissipating electric energy in the gap between the spark electrodes, transfers heat to the dust particles both by thermal  radiation and convection/conduction. The high concentration of reactive chemical radicals in the plasma probably enhances the ignition process. On the other hand rapid expansion of the spark channel to ambient pressure can hamper the ignition process by  pushing dust particles away from the spark zone. The proposed measurements of MIE as a function of spark discharge duration can help in resolving the complex ignition mechanism. 
Practical context: IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and CENE LEC (corresponding European Union org.) issued their new standards for determination of MIEs of dust clouds a few years ago. CEN (another European Union org.) is currently producing a similar standard. In all three standards the lower energy limit of the  test methods is about 3-5 mJ, due to basic limitations in the spark generation concepts used. Hence, with the present generators it is impossible to resolve differences between MIE values below this limit, in spite of the fact that quite a few very sensi tive dusts most probably have MIEs well below 1 mJ. The prosed project will provide the experim ental method needed to obtain the required resolution in this range.

Measurement of minimum electric spark ignition energy of dust clouds in the energy range 0.1-10 mJ

Prosjektet tar sikte på en teoretisk og numerisk undersøkelse av sammenhengen mellom kaotisk og stokastisk respons av ikkelineære dynamiske systemer. Foreløpige resultater tyder på at denne sammenhengen er slik at det vil la seg gjøre å utvikle alternativ e numeriske løsningsteknikker som kan gjøre det mulig å prediktere kaotisk oppførsel ved hjelp av additiv hvit støy som tilleggseksitasjon. Denne tilleggseksitasjonen gjør at responsen kan uttrykkes som en (komponent av en) Markokv diffusjonsprosess.I des enere år er det utviklet en numerisk løsningsmetode basert på den såkalte PIS-teknikken for beregning av responsstatistikk i ikkelineære dynamiske systemer eksitert av hvit støy. PIS-teknikken har vist seg å være svært godt egnet for å beregne de større l sene som kan være relevante for å studere nettopp forholdet mellom kaotisk og stokastisk respons. Det gir muligheten for å utvikle alternative analyseteknikker for å studere kaotisk respons av ikkelineære dynamiske systemer.

Kaos og ikkelineær stokastisk dynamikk

Overhead power transmission lines are subjected to various mechanical loads induced by the environment, including ice load, aeolian vibrations and galloping. These phenomena may damage the lines, and in certain cases (e.g. fjord crossing in areas with a h arsh climate) the electric utlitities see a need for systems for remote monitoring of the mechanical stresses the lines are subjected to. Optical fibres with so-called Bragg grating point sensors can be used to measure the dynamic strain on an overhead li ne very accurately.                                 The project is essentially to by modelling an d simulations establish relasionships between strain measurements at a number of points along a line span with the overall dynamic behaviour of the line. Thi s will be accomplished by performing finite element modelling of the mechanical behaviour of a line and comparing the results with measurements obtained on a 15 m long line span installed in the laboratory. Finally, the potential benefit of using Bragg gr ating sensors for monitoring vibrations on overhead transmission lines will be evaluated.

Dynamic response monitoring of overhead transmission lines using optical fibre sensors

The research activity will focus on emerging concepts like semi-active or hybrid control of civil engineering and industrial structures. In Europe, structural control is moving the first steps towards civil engineering applications. From its creation the  European Association for the Control of Structures was established directly at a European level and not at all as a co-operation of nationally established associations: this gives evidence to the impossibility of finding in a single country large researc hgroups specialised in structural control.Furthermore the multidisciplinary character inherent to the hi-tech developments persued here requires that the experts be free to operate across geographical borders.

SHP-Strategiske høgskoleprogram

Flerkulturelle møteplasser. Nordnorsk hverdagsliv i etniske grenseområder.

Tildelt: kr 4,6 mill.

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SHP-Strategiske høgskoleprogram

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