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Prosjektet «Wheelchair Activity Monitoring» (WHAM) sikter både på å øke fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere, og på å bidra til bredere mål om mangfold og inkludering av personer med nedsatt mobilitet, ved å fremme større tilgjengelighet og deltakelse gjennom innovativ teknologi og forskning.

Rullestolbrukere er tre til fem ganger mindre aktive enn den generelle befolkningen, noe som øker risikoen for å utvikle forebyggbare sykdommer. Selv om det finnes retningslinjer for fysisk aktivitet som er tilpasset rullestolbrukere, trenger vi fortsatt effektive måter å implementere disse på samt nøyaktig teknologi for å spore mulige endringer i fysisk aktivitet. WHAM har som mål å bidra til økt fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere ved å lage digitale verktøy for å monitorere og gi tilbakemelding på rullestolbrukerens aktivitet. WHAM består av tre faser: to år ved University of British Columbia (UBC), som inkluderer et samarbeid med eksperter innen atferdsendrings-intervensjoner for rullestolbrukere; ett år ved Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) og et halvt år ved Maastricht Instruments - de to siste fasene er viet til å utvikle de digitale teknologiene. 

WHAMs mål er:
1)	Å teste effekten av et treningsprogram på fysisk aktivitetsnivå og fitness blant rullestolbrukere,
2)	Å utvikle nøyaktige algoritmer for monitorering av fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere,
3)	Å lage et system som både monitorerer og gir tilbakemelding på fysisk aktivitet blant rullestolbrukere.

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioral intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create
a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

Topfinancing - WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Algebraic Theory of Information Quantities

Information theory is a discipline at the intersection of statistics, engineering and computer science. As the study of information quantities, such as compression or communication capacities, information content or measures of statistical dependency, it is one of the theoretical underpinnings of data science.

Computational problems in information theory are highly non-linear. The goal of this project is to transfer state-of-the-art methods of computational non-linear algebra to information theory, to study the inherent algebraic complexity of information-theoretical problems and to provide tools for solving them in practice. The algebraic point of view has proven to be fruitful in seemingly unrelated areas, as witnessed by a surge of recent work in algebraic statistics, in particular on likelihood geometry. However, maximizing the likelihood function is the same as minimizing relative entropy — a specific information quantity. Hence, this project also aims at generalizing the techniques developed in likelihood geometry.

One focus is on the practical computation of information quantities using numerical and differential algebraic geometry. Such quantities are defined via non-linear optimization problems and we aim to pinpoint the algebraic complexity of these problems in instances of general interest, such as common information measures. The final objective is finding fundamental laws and limits of data science imposed by non-linear inequalities constraining the entropic region. These inequalities provide, by duality, universal bounds for many of the optimization problems studied in information theory.

Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

Wheelchair users (WCU) are three to five times more inactive than the general population, leading to a high risk of developing preventable secondary conditions. Although physical activity (PA) guidelines have been specifically developed for WCU, we lack systematic approaches to implement them in practice, as well as valid algorithms to monitor PA change in WCU through sensor-based solutions. Accordingly, the overall scientific aim of the WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM) is to advance PA research and practice in WCU by developing valid digital markers for monitoring of and providing feedback on PA, paving the way for implementation and intervention. I will accomplish this through combining the complementary research fields of 1) behavioural intervention studies focusing on increasing PA in WCU (core competence University of British Columbia, UBC; outgoing phase) and 2) sensor-based PA monitoring (core competence Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU; returning phase – consolidated by non-academic placement at Maastricht Instruments, which develop research prototypes including PA monitors). WHAM’s scientific aim is achieved through three objectives: 1) Measure the effect of a pragmatic exercise intervention trial on self-reported physical activity levels and cardio-respiratory fitness, 2) Develop valid algorithms for tracking PA markers in WCU, and 3) Co-create a framework that outlines how PA can be conjointly monitored and provided feedback on in WCU. This fellowship will enable me to become established as an internationally recognized researcher in the field of “physical activity and disability”, while bringing together ongoing national disjointed research activities in this field. Altogether, my overall ambition is to contribute to reducing inequalities in daily-life participation among WCU compared to the rest of the population.

WHeelchair Activity Monitoring project (WHAM)

Per- og polyfluorerte stoffer (PFAS) er en stor gruppe menneskeskapte kjemikalier med høyt fluorinnhold som antas å ha negative helseeffekter. Kilder til PFAS kan være produksjon av vann-, varme- og flekkbestandige produkter og disse kjemikaliene er en del av hverdagen vår. PFAS påvirkning av biologiske systemer er ikke fullstendig forstått. Noen PFAS er antatt å øke risikoen for å utvikling av ikke-alkoholisk fettleversykdom (NAFLD) og øke risikoen for diabetes. 

For å forstå hvordan PFAS påvirker organene våre ønsker vi å bruke små laboratoriedyrkede organmodeller, kalt organoider. Disse miniatyrorganene kan dyrkes fra menneskelige stamceller og tilbyr et kontrollert miljø for å studere hvordan PFAS påvirker f.eks lever og bukspyttkjertelen vår, uten bruk av dyreforsøk.

For å studere helseeffekter må vi kunne måle nivået av biomolekyler som fettstoffer i leveren og hormoner i bukspyttkjertelen. Til dette trenger vi å utvikle analytiske verktøy for å måle effektene. Først vil vi bekrefte at når leverorganoidene eksponeres for enkelte PFAS-forbindelser utvikles det NAFLD-lignende sykdom ved å sammenligne den biokjemiske profilen (proteiner og metabolitter) til organoider av lever med PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Deretter vil vi utvide den analytiske verktøykassen for å undersøke hvilke metabolske veier som påvirkes, og om effekten er den samme i NAFLD-induserte og PFAS-eksponerte organoider. Vi vil også eksponere insulinproduserende bukspyttkjertelorganoider for PFAS for å undersøke effekten av PFAS på hormonproduksjon. Når effektene av PFAS-eksponering på lever- og bukspyttkjertel-organoider er etablert, vil organoidene bli samkultivert i en chip, og effektene av PFAS-eksponering vil bli undersøkt og sammenlignet med individuelle organoider.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are believed to contribute to metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 1 diabetes. HE-POP aims to investigate the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), a type of POPs), on organ function in a controlled environment.

Organoids are multicellular laboratory-grown miniature organs, that are grown from stem cells. HE-POP will use organoids to examine how PFAS affects our organs and develop cutting-edge bioanalytical tools and methodology to measure these effects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HE-POP hypothesizes that PFAS negatively affects organ function, as evidenced by changes in hormone and lipid levels characteristic of NAFLD and type 1 diabetes. 

Organoids offer a controlled environment to study the effects of PFAS on the liver and pancreas, without the use of animal models. HE-POP aims to gain evidence of the negative effects of PFAS on organ function through controlled experiments on organoids and aid in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and type 1 diabetes.

HE-POP has fundaments in UN sustainable development goals, specifically #3, #12, and #14/15, seeking an understanding of diseases with worldwide prevalence, and understanding how POPs affect our life and surroundings and help enable the right regulatory actions and replacement chemicals.

HE-POP: Studying the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Using Mass Spectrometry, Organoids, and Organ-On-A-Chip

Norge har under Parisavtalen påtatt seg en forpliktelse til å redusere klimautslippene sine med minst 55 prosent innen 2030 sammenlignet med nivået i 1990. Hittil har vi kun oppnådd 5 prosent av dette målet; vi har følgelig kun syv år på å redusere de resterende 50 prosent for å imøtekomme målene. For 2050 har vi satt oss enda større mål: å redusere klimautslippene med hele 90 prosent. Bakgrunnen for målene er at vi prøver å unngå de verste scenarioene FNs klimautvalg skisserer opp i sine rapporter. I tillegg har energiforbruket økt, og prognosene fra Statnett for ulike scenarier viser at energiforbruket skal fortsette å øke. Vi trenger følgelig mer energi. Dette har bidrat til at diskusjoner rundt kjernekraft i Norge er høyaktuelle og pågående. Norsk Kjernekraft AS har blitt opprettet med formål om å bygge Norges første kjernekraftverk. I tillegg ble det i fjor også bevilget 200 millioner kroner fra Regjeringen til et nytt senter som skal drive med nukleær forskning. Målet er å styrke den norske kunnskapsberedskapen på det nukleære området. Dette betyr at vi beveger oss i en retning hvor kjernekraft en dag kan bli aktuelt i Norge, og noen mener at dette er den eneste veien å gå hvis vi skal nå målene våre for 2050. Men i dag sitter vi med flere spørsmål enn svar, blant annet: Hvilken teknologi og leverandør burde vi velge? Er regelverket for snevert og strengt? Hvordan kan dette gjøres og samtidig ivareta sikkerhet? Hvordan tjener et kjernekraftverk penger?

Dette prosjektet skal svare på samtlige av disse spørsmålene i en detaljert og omfattende analyse. Her bruker vi grunnlagsdata til å vurdere dagens forskning opp mot hvordan industrien i andre land opererer, og ut ifra dette forsøke estimere hva risikoen knyttet til å bygge kjernekraft som industri i Norge er. Prosjektet sikter på å gi et så helhetlig bilde som mulig slik at vi kan gjøre oss opp en mening basert på fakta; om kjernekraft passer inn i miksen av det som utgjør norsk energi.

Denne prosjektbeskrivelsen skisserer forskningen Vala Maria Valsdottir (omtales herunder som stipendiaten) skal utføre innenfor sin doktorgradsavhandling. Prosjektet skal være en del av Senter for nukleær forskning (SNF) som fikk midler vinteren 2023.
Ph.d.-prosjektet er initiert av Inmeta Consulting AS, som igjennom denne ph.d.-stillingen vil bli en del av SNF. Inmeta planlegger en prosjektperiode på fire år, hvor stipendiaten arbeider 75 % med ph.d.-prosjektet og 25 % med vanlig virksomhet hos Inmeta. 
Prosjektet skal undersøke muligheten for kjernekraft som industri i Norge. Dette er både en samfunnsaktuell problemstilling samt en som medlemmene i SNF er interessert i å utforske. Stipendiaten kommer derfor til å samarbeide med alle aktørene som er involvert i senteret og benytte forskningsdata fra dem. Dette gjelder da spesielt Institutt for energiteknikk (IFE) som har mest grunnlagsdata som er relevant for dette prosjektet.
Kandidaten ferdigstilte en masteroppgave høsten 2020 i kjernefysikk på Universitetet i Oslo (UiO) og har derfor gode og relevante grunnkunnskaper for å ta på seg et slikt prosjekt. I tillegg har kandidaten tre års erfaring innenfor energibransjen, og er derfor oppdatert på industrien og forstår deres problemstillinger godt.

Er kjernekraft aktuelt for Norge?

Potetskrell, et biprodukt fra industriproduksjon av potet (pommes frites, flak, chips mm.) er en råstoff ressurs som kan bli bedre utnyttet til nye formål. Skrellet er nemlig en rik kilde på antioksidanter, stoffer som planter naturlig har i seg for å beskytte mot skadelige UV-stråler og reaktive forbindelser som oksygen radikaler. Antioksidanter behøver vi også å tilsette i matvarer for å beskytte og ta vare på umettet fett så det ikke blir harskt og vondt i kontakt med luft. I dag brukes flere ulike syntetiske stoffer i matvarer for å hindre oksidasjon av fett og oljer. Men det er reist bekymring rundt sikkerheten for bruken av dem. Matvareindustrien, myndigheter og forbruker ønsker derfor å fjerne flere syntetiske antioksidanter og erstatte dem med naturlig alternativer. Det er imidlertid svært få slike produkter som er godkjent og tilgjengelig på markedet. Prosjektet Peel Preserve, som har et klart bærekraft mål, skal vise om et uttrekk av antioksidanter laget på industrielt potetskrell råstoff kan fungere som konserveringsmiddel og erstatte noen av de stoffene som brukes i dag. Tre næringsmiddelbedrifter skal teste potetskrell-ekstraktet i noen av sine produkter og utføre både interne og eksterne analyser på effekten. Men en viktig forutsetning for at potetantioksidant kan tas i bruk som nytt tilsetningsstoff i mat er at det blir godkjent av den Europeiske matsikkerhets myndigheten (EFSA) og gitt et E-nummer. Prosjektet skal igangsette denne lengre flertrinns godkjennings prosessen. Parallelt skal det utvikles en forretningsmodell og nødvendig beskyttelse rundt teknologien. Dersom industrien etter testingen av potetantioksidanten, vurderer denne som er god erstatning til konkurransedyktig pris, og en EFSA-godkjenning kan oppnås på sikt, åpner det for å kommersialisere et naturlig plante-basert produkt til beste for forbruker og for miljøet. Bak prosjektet Peel Preserve står Høgskolen i Innlandet i samarbeid med Nofima og Klosser Innovasjon.

Preserving foods with potato peels: Industry-relevant validation and first regulatory assessment of a new natural antioxidant

InART is recognized as one of the main conference series in the field of Heritage Science and since its first edition in 2013 (Evora, Portugal) it mainly focused on the contribution of natural sciences to the field. A major change occurred after the COVID-19 pandemic, when a greater number of researchers from different branches of heritage science participated in InART 2022 (Paris, France). 
InART is an open platform for knowledge-sharing among professionals in the field of Heritage Science, including conservation.
These aspects are covered by the main conference topics:
•	Development of new tools (devices, technology, software, etc.), advanced data analysis and FAIR data management
•	Development and/or implementation of new methods and routines (diagnostic and conservation) for the understanding of heritage materials, techniques, and degradation processes (chemical, physical and biological)
•	Development, testing (includes mechanical testing), and characterization of new materials for conservation (special attention to green conservation treatments)
•	Application of non-invasive/non-destructive techniques
•	Preventive conservation: environmental monitoring techniques and climate/microclimate effects on the conservation of heritage sites and exposed objects.

Heritage science is a highly multidisciplinary research field. Consequently, topics covered during the InArt2024 conference can be approached from different points of view and the conference aims to merge natural sciences and conservation, providing a dynamic space for active interaction, scientific exchange, and debates on the central issues of heritage science research. InART2024 welcomes contributors from diverse fields to join and create an interdisciplinary discussion about cultural heritage conservation within the fields of archaeological objects, artworks, built heritage, etc.

6th International Conference on Innovation in Art Research and Technology

Applied Biocatalysis is the development through science and engineering of useful biological catalysts and their commercial applications. The BNCM 2024 conference has an intention to gather approx. 100 international and national scientists from academia and industry in addition to PhD students from the international community. BNCM 2024 will be the 7th in this series of meetings with attendees from both academia and industry presenting and discussing the newest research in enzyme catalysed reactions in other media than water. The conference series was started in 1986 by professors Hans Tramper and Urs von Stockar, University of Wageningen, the Netherlands, and has later been chaired in Russia, Italy and Germany before Elisabeth Jacobsen at NTNU was give the honor of chairing the conference.  Collaboration in biocatalysis research has been supported by EU Frameworks as three subsequent COST actions. The first action, COST Action D25 "Applied Biocatalysis. Stereoselective and environmentally friendly reactions catalysed by enzymes " (2001-2007) was initiated and chaired by professor Thorleif Anthonsen, NTNU, the founder of the Biocatalysis Group at NTNU, which the project leader of this conference now chair. The strategy of applied biocatalysis fits well under the definitions of white biotechnology and Sustainable chemistry (Suschem) and fits also well with the EU Green Deal Strategy.

7th International Conference on Biocatalysis in Non-Conventional Media

InterNASH - An intercellular-pathway therapeutic for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Midlene fra IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike fordelt på år

Midlene fra IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike fordelt på fagområde

Professor

Fjellvåg, Helmer Aurora 2007-08 Fransk-norsk forskerutveksling

I plan to spend 5 months in the final year of my PhD at UW-Madison, USA.  During this time I will be working on my third and final article, and both in need of and able to make use of input from the world-class research environments to which I have been i nvited at Madison.   

My Ph.D. research explores socially shared attitudes, values and beliefs in Tanzanian communities within two spheres: the way people discuss violence against women, and the way they discuss what elected leaders should and should not  do. The main research questions are:
-What are the main ideas, values and norms by which ?wife-beating? is legitimated in peri-urban Tanzania?
-What are the main ideas, values and norms by which certain uses of public office for personal gain are legitim ated in peri-urban Tanzania?
?What additional insights can be generated by juxtaposing these two sets of ideas?
The project?s extended aim is to improve the knowledge basis for existing efforts to address violence against women and governance in the area. 

I am analysing qualitative data I generated through forty focus group discussions, and wrote my first article on how I ensured the quality of these data. The second and third will focus on the first and second questions respectively.  These are the area s of expertise of the circles to which have been invited.  Since this completes my publication requirements, I had intended to leave the third question to the kappe.  However the author of one of the few works addressing this issue has offered to advise m e on this at UW-Madison. Thus the stay will not only assist me in completing the articles I need to write for my Ph.D., but also allow me to reach beyond the requirements.

Attitudes, values and beliefs in Tanzanian communities within two spheres: the way people discuss violence
against women [...]

The neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease are serious and fatal illnesses, currently with no treatments or clear diagnostic tools available. To be able to develop new drugs and diagnostic tools, detailed knowledge is crucial. Al though there have been a number of important findings in this field recently, the image is far from complete. As an organism ages, an increasing amount of proteins are aggregated and accumulate in cells. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by abn ormally high amounts of aggregated proteins accumulating in the nerve cells. Such aggregates have been shown to be removed by a process called autophagy, meaning self-eating. We have found that a protein called Alfy is required for the aggregates to be re moved by autophagy and more importantly that Alfy overexpression leads to protection in a neuronal and Drosophila model of poly-glutamine toxicity. Alfy shuttles between the nucleus and the cytosol in the cells, and localizes to aggregates both places. Ou r main objective of this project is to find out how Alfy is involved in removal of aggregated proteins. More specifically; how does it interact with the autophagic membranes? Can Alfy be a rate limiting protein in these diseases? What is the role of its n uclear shuttling? A main challenge of our work is to confirm our biochemical and cell culture findings in physiological relevant model organisms. In collaboration with Dr. Yamamoto at the Columbia University, NY, we will investigate the role of Alfy in cl earance of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, using primary neurons, as well as Alfy transgenic and knock out mice in combination with mice models of neurodegenerative diseases. Our new findings could be of major importance both for diagnostic tools and  for development of new drugs against the diseases.

The role of Alfy in neurodegeneration

The number of diabetic people in the world is increasing rapidly and the term diabetes epidemic is being applied to describe the phenomenon. Some aspects of the disease mechanisms are known, but there is an urgent need for more insight which can facilitat e the development of treatment that addresses the disease mechanisms. By studying patients in families with a clustering of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, we recently identified a novel syndrome of diabetes combined with pancreatic exocrine dysfunction (i.e.  defective secretion of enzymes needed for the digestion of food)  with a new genetic cause (Carboxyl-ester lipase gen mutations), the MODY8 syndrome (maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 8). These findings were presented in the leading genetic journ al Nature Genetics with an accompanying editorial. Since around 20% of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients have signs of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction, we were amazed to find that other genetic variants in the involved gene were clearly more prevalent a lso in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients with pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. The disease mechanism (how the genetic variants lead to diabetes) is poorly known, and subsequently it is difficult to target therapy that addresses the disease mechanism. He nce, we have an established and ongoing collaboration with C. Ronald Kahn and Rohit Kulkarni who are world-leading scientists within the field of diabetes and cellular physiology at Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, in an attempt to solve th e puzzle. We have collaborated on the studies of cell and animal models since 2004 and have already some insight into the disease mechanism. We now aim to further pursue the studies of the disease mechanism of MODY8, based on cellular models and animal mo dels.

Molecular studies of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction

This application seeks support for a 5-month stay for Nil Irvali (a PhD student) to acquire and apply sediment proxy techniques for investigating Greenland Ice Sheet activity under past climate conditions which were, in many ways, analogous to our expecte d future.  These records will be a vital addition to her ongoing efforts to depict the evolution of North Atlantic climate and surface ocean hydrography during Marine Isotope Stage 5e in unprecedented detail. These new records of ice activity will provide  constraints on the sensitivity of ice sheets, and their role in, climate and ocean circulation changes during climate states warmer than present.  This knowledge is essential in order to reduce the uncertainty related to projections of future climate cha nge and sea level rise. The planned collaboration will utilize sedimentary sequences from the Eirik (MD03-2664) and Gardar (ODP 983) sediment drifts--sites with unusually high sedimentation rates that have already provided unique insights into the centenn ial scale climate and ocean circulation changes in the Holocene. 
The WHOI group is a world leader in the study of North Atlantic climate-ice-ocean interactions and has been at the vanguard in developing and applying the proposed proxies in North Atlantic  drifts. Irvali's research visit will link her work to the leading group doing parallel and complementary studies in the U.S.  Joining and synthesizing the latest techniques and results from both the leading European and U.S. efforts will place Irvali, th e Bergen and WHOI groups, and the AMOCINT project in a unique position to advance our understanding of ice-climate-ocean coupling in the future. Not only will this be vital for the project success but it will also be essential for Irvali's personal develo pment and international network; allowing her to build long lasting collaborative ties to leading scientists within the U.S., and acting as a springboard for future collaborations between WHOI and UiB.

Greenland ice sheet activity and surface hydrography during the last interglacial period

A half year stay at the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley would benefit the progress of my PhD as well as the PETROSAM project it is a part of. 

My PhD thesis aims to understand how fossil fuel markets  interact with climate change and energy security policies.

The department is highly regarded internationally for its research in these fields. Their research environment uses other approaches compared to my Norwegian environment, that will help me see th e limitations and alternatives to my current techniques, as well as ways of building on my current work by integrating alternative viewpoints and methodologies.

I also wish to attend courses unavailable in Norway, hence advancing theoretically and collec ting ideas for future work. 

A third aim is to establish cooperation with other researchers working on my topic, strenghtening and extending the already existing ties between my home institution (the Frisch Centre) and the ARE.  

Finally I plan to make  use of the specific expertise ARE offers, especially on climate change, and in turn to bring new knowledge back to Norway.

How fossil fuel markets interact with
climate change and energy security policies

Endometrial cancer is the most common and ovarian cancer the most lethal gynecologic malignancies. Improved treatment for metastatic disease and reliable predictors for response to therapeutics are needed. This project is an integrated part of a regional,  national and international prospective multicenter study of tissue from primary and metastatic lesions to facilitate implementation of individualized molecularly based targeted therapy. We have recently identified new potential targets for treatment of a ggressive gynecologic cancer such as FGFR2 and the PI3Kinas signaling pathway (Dutt, PNAS 2008 and Salvesen, PNAS 2009). In this project we plan to take our previous studies of global molecular classification of primary tumours to the next level.
The hypo thesis is that the corresponding molecular profile of both the primary tumor and the metastatic lesion is relevant for targeted therapy. The aim of the project is to conduct a comprehensive molecular classification of the primary lesion and for a subset o f patients, the corresponding metastatic lesions from the same patient in endometrial- and ovarian carcinomas. These findings will be related to phenotype, chemotherapy response and used to identify alterations in specific signalling pathways potentially  targetable by new drugs. The ultimate goal is to apply this knowledge to improve the design of molecularly targeted therapy by contributing novel genetic signatures to phase II trials and hence translate the findings into clinical practice.

Molecular alterations in metastatic gynecological cancer

Deontology is one of the major types of moral theory (besides utilitarianism and virtue ethics). A standard charge (typically pressed by its competitors) is that deontological theories are rigorous, e.g., that it is morally impermissible to lie even to sa ve an innocent person from a murderer. The aim of my project is to develop a deontological theory that accommodates flexibility at an appropriate level. Part of the problem is the common idea that deontology prohibits types of action (killing, harming, ly ing, etc) absolutely. However, on the definition used by John Rawls in his political philosophy and applied to ethics by Charles Fried (both at Harvard University), deontology takes the right to be prior to the good. This means that moral duty is not dete rmined by the maximization of welfare, and constrains how to produce it. This definition does not entail rigorism; yet, in itself it is insufficient to steer deontology clear of the charge. The challenge is to develop a conception of the right that allows  for flexible moral rules while retaining absoluteness at the level of the fundamental principle. Drawing on the Harvard philosopher Francis Kamm's non-consequentialism, and more Kantian theories like Fried's, I hope to accomplish just that.

Flexible deontology

Hydrothermal vents are unique biological systems driven on geothermal energy instead of solar power. The vent fauna seems to be related to fauna inhabiting hydrocarbon seeps and whale- and wood-falls. New vent areas, representing a completely new biogeogr aphic region were recently discovered north of Iceland and Jan Mayen. The vents are located at 500-750 meters depth and 2400 meters depth respectively. Some of the fauna identified is unique to the vent areas, while some are found also in the deep sea. 
D uring my extended visit to the laboratory of Professor Kenneth M Halanych, at the University of Auburn, Alabama USA I want to learn new molecular techniques for studying and analyzing phylogeography. Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes  that may be responsible for the recent geographic distributions of specimens. Halanych has extraordinary experience in the study of phylogeography in the Antarctic, and his methods can be applied to the vent, seep and fall systems of the Atlantic. I inte nd to examine the unique material from vents, seeps and falls collected by cruises organized by the Centre of Excellence in Geobiology at the University of Bergen, of which I am a tematic leader. In combination with other material available from a number  of cruises in the Arctic and the Atlantic I will have a singular opportunity to study processes of speciation and migration into new habitats. Understanding the role that evolutionary forces and phylogeny have played in creating organism diversity, is fun damental for understanding evolution in itself.

My main objective is to clarify the relationship between vent (and seep) endemic species and species from the surrounding seas (Atlantic, Arctic and Norwegian Sea).A secondary objective is to use modern alg orithms (e.g. BEAST) for molecular clocks to estimate divergence times between vent and seep endemic fauna and fauna from the surrounding seas.

Phylogeography of vent, seep and fall species in the North Atlantic

This project is a 5 months research stay (sabbatical) in the period 1st of august 2010 to the 31st of december 2010 (5 months). 
My plan is to visit the research center CIRRELT in Montreal, with Professor Teodor Crainic as my main contact person. 
The foc us of the research will be on developing new parallell metaheuristics and cooperating solvers for rich vehicle routing, and similar, problems.

Parallel Metaheuristics and Cooperating Solvers for rich vehicle routing problems

Føremålet med prosjektet er for det første å analysera og kritisera den tradisjonelle norske framstillinga av eigedomsretten som eit "tomt koplingsord". For det andre er føremålet å analysera og kritisera den tradisjonelle norske negative definisjonen av  eigedomsretten.

Som eit alternativ skal prosjektet søkja å forklara eigedomsretten som eit relasjonsomgrep mellom ein person og eit grunnstykke. Med tanken om eit relasjonsomgrep som eit utgangspunkt, er tanken å utvikla eit rammeverk for å forstå eigedo msretten til fast eigedom. Det viktigaste for eit slikt rammeverk er for det første å lausriva seg frå skiljet mellom offentleg rett og privatrett. For det andre er det viktig å byggja opp eigedomsretten med vekt på relativiteten i den. Ein bør klara å sj å grunnstykket sjølv, med sine skiftande karakterisitika, som dreiepunkt for ei vurdering. 

Til sist er føremålet med prosjektet, i forlenginga av det føregåande, å omtala og inkludera miljøomsyn i framstillinga av eigedomsretten, særleg gjennom forslag  til operasjonalisering av Grunnlova § 110 b.

Eigedomsretten; eit grunnleggjande studium

Early Tertiary climate, and in particular the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), has been recently compared to the present day climatic conditions, due to the similarity in sudden carbon release forcing global temperature increase. Recreating the gl obal conditions from 55 million years ago is possible by studying the geological record and building models to explain the succession of events and triggering factors, an useful exercise for better understanding the present day world.   Realistic oceanic  and climate modeling requires in depth knowledge of the four dimensional distribution of land and oceans in order to advance our knowledge of climate sensitivity to geological vs. anthropogenic climate changes. Here we propose a collaborative project that  aims to reconstruct the global tectonic framework of the Paleocene/Eocene hyperthermal world. This model will build on extensive global oceanic crust databases developed at NGU and SIO and will constitute the basis for the new generation of global digita l 4D oceanic crust models to be used as first order boundary conditions for oceanic and climate modeling, paleogeography and therefore natural reserve distribution.
The main objectives of this collaboration are: (1) to examine in details the magnetic and  gravity anomalies of the Paleocene/Eocene oceanic crust in the Pacific ocean and create an Early Tertiary regional age model  (2) identify major tectonic changes in the Pacific region, in particular changes that have  directly destabilized the regional en vironment and (3) estimate how the tectonic changes propagated and affected surrounding regions by linking the new Pacific oceanic crust model with the other major oceanic areas (Atlantic and Indian) through global plate circuits. Ultimately, a range of o ceanic crust parameters can be used as a first order input in modeling the Early Tertiary paleobathymetry and global carbon cycle in order to elucidate the role played by tectonic forcing in global climate.

Paleocene/ecocene catastrophic events recorded by oceanic basins and global implications

The urgency of reducing world poverty requires innovative and practical thinking and the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development (HRBA) and the Legal Empowerment of the Poor (LEP) are increasingly being considered by various organisations to be viable  alternatives to conventional development strategies. The discourse on HRBA and LEP, however, appears to be characterised by rhetorical appeal than an emphasis on practical implementation and integration with existing development initiatives. Given the inc reasing popularity of the HRBA and LEP, particularly among UN organisations, this study critically examines the major conceptual foundations of the two approaches. And based on four case studies (South Africa, Malawi, India and Bangladesh), the project id entifies a set of challenges in operationalising a global theory to national, regional and local practice. Specifically, how can specific economic, social and cultural rights (e.g., right to food, water and health) be more forcefully incorporated in the n ational discourse on empowerment and rights? What motivates political, economic and social actors involved in demanding/resisting the implementation of socio-economic rights as part of the legal and policy landscape? To what extent do the poor demand poli tical accountability and recur to the legal system to see their rights enforced and what are the means, options and resources (including information) available to the poor for such purposes? Finally, what is the nature of legal (including judicial) and ad ministrative activity in the areas of anti-poverty policy? The study will hence re-examine the notion of access to justice in developing countries in order to better understand both the limits and the advantages of law and the legal system in influencing  policy design and action related to poverty.

Rights, Empowerment and Poverty: From Appealing Rhetoric to Implementable Policy?

This project will develop a system for mapping international conflict.  Working with Virtual Research Associates (www.vranet.com), we currently construct and distribute to the international research community a set of daily conflict measures that are used  to map conflict globally (1990-present). Working with the Centre for the Study of Civil War at PRIO, which is developing parallel tools for mapping armed conflicts, we will develop a book explaining how automated event coding works, the quality of our da ta, trends in civil conflict, how to distinguish destructive and constructive conflicts, and how to access our data system.  This project will strengthen collaboration between academic and policy researchers and create new tools for understanding civil an d international conflict

Conflict Dynamics and International Security

Research stay at University of California Berkeley (UCB) fall 2010 and spring 2011

1. Collaboration with researchers at UCB. 
Professor Richard Gilbert and professor Michael Katz have invited me to do research at UCB in their research group. My research  interests overlap with their ongoing research.

2. Seminar presentations
I have previously presented research projects at UCB and benefited from very constructive comments. Richard Gilbert has invited me to present my paper "Management of Knowledge Worker s". During a possible research stay I will most likely be able to present other preliminary research papers as well.

3. Learn more about recent developments in related research fields.
This might include taking a PhD course.

Law and Economics

This application concerns a planned research trip to New York from July to December 2010 (six months). During this period I intend to work as a visiting scholar at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in order to conduct research, particularly data collection,  for my PhD dissertation. The study is rooted in comparative religion and Egyptology, and will also be of value to the field of museology. The objects I study are Theban coffin ensembles from the 19th to the 26th dynasty (c. 1295-664 BCE) in Egypt. Of the  19 coffin ensembles chosen for my study, 9 are located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum has responded positively to my inquiry, and has promised me access to the objects and archives. Two secondary purposes for the research trip are the need  to establish contact with scholars and academic institutions in the States, and to gain work experience from a large international museum. The latter is directly related to my future carrier plans, and will be further ensured by taking on a part time, unp aid internship at the museum.

Faces within Faces

I intend to provide empirical evidence on the role that external auditing plays in mitigating agency costs in privately held corporations. Using a very rich data set (obtained through special permission from the government) which allows me to partition th e sample in numerous ways related to agency conflicts among closely-held, private firms, I will investigate the hypothesis that auditors exert additional effort when auditing clients with higher agency costs. In addition, I will examine whether firms elec t to have their financial statements audited by a high quality auditor (i.e., a Big 4 firm) to alleviate agency conflicts.

Agency Conflicts and Auditing in Private Firms

The goal of this proposal is to stimulate long-term joint research cooperation in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) between University of Minnesota (UMN) in USA and University of Agder (UiA) in Norway. This collaboration will be achieved thro ugh a series of joint research activities and bilateral visits in the framework of an EU FP7 project under the FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES (International Research Staff Exchange Scheme) program, including the one described in this proposal.

Dynamic Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Networks

The purpose of this project is the establishment of an active research and exchange program between Brock University and University of Oslo. Specifically, the Chemistry Department and the Centre for Biotechnology at Brock University and the Department of  Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of Oslo seek to 1) establish collaborations in research and 2) exchange of research personnel. 

To initiate this program we propose a two-month sojourn of Professor Hudlicky at the School of Pharmacy University  of Oslo, June 1, 2010-July 31, 2010, in order to establish active research projects, submit common research proposals to The Research Council of Norway. Professor Hudlicky will also offer two short courses to faculty and students.

The origin of the colla boration between professors Hudlicky and Hansen dates back some ten years ago. Several common scientific papers have already been published and the relationship has been maintained by visits to USA and Canada by Professor Hansen. We believe our collaborat ion will be further advanced with Professor Hudlicky's visit to Norway.

Norway-Canada collaborative project between Brock University, Department of Chemistry and University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy

The project is designed to establish a collaboration centered around comparative studies of trap cropping methods to reduce injury to cruciferous vegetables in Norway and the Pacific Northwest of the USA. In both regions, organic production of these veget ables will require effective measures to manipulate pest behaviors to allow their management with cultural, biological methods. Most pest species are common to both regions. Diamondback moth, cabbage root fly and crucifer flea beetle are especially challe nging to control. 

The project is linked to a Bioforsk project that is pursuing these approaches in Norway and a similar collaborative project between the University of Idaho and Washington State University in the USA. Parallel trials will be established  in locations using broccoli as the focal crop and a range of attractive trap crops in combination with aggregation pheromone for the flea beetle. Trap crops will be combined with repellents or deterrents to enhance relative attraction of the trap crops i n the farmscape. Behavioral assays will be used to optimize the performance of such a push-pull strategy.  

This project is centered around a collaborative visit by Eigenbrode to the Bioforsk project to perform pilot studies, help coordinate the comparat ive aspects of the study and develop concepts for further collaboration.

Developing push-pull strategies for pests in brassica vegetable crops

The cost of photovoltaic energy (PV) is today on the verge of becoming competitive with traditional energy sources (oil, coal etc). However, several achievements must be made before this grid parity is obtained and significant solar energy can be realized  in the market. One such achievement would be an increase in the efficiency of converting solar energy into electrical energy. It has been shown that the limit for this efficiency for the traditional single-junction solar cell device is approximately 30%.  The introduction of nanoparticle composite thin film materials in solar cell devices challenge the boundary conditions used to determine this limit. 
Firstly, light scattering off metal nanoparticles showing plasmonic effects will enhance the optical pat h of solar radiation within the light absorbing solar cell. This enhances the total optical absorption. Secondly, the plasmon effects in the same nanoparticles may enhance the local optical field and thus strengthen the conversion of near-IR photons to vi sible photons in frequency optical up-conversion processes in doped dielectric materials. This allows for energy conversion of photons that otherwise are lost. 
The project will prepare thin film materials of this kind using pulsed laser ablation and expl ore the their optical properties.

Nanoparticle Composite Films for Solar Cells

In the ocean, remote sensing of acoustic waves is the primary means to determine physical characteristics of the sea bed materials and the sub-bottom structure.  Examples of remote sensing applications span a broad spectrum, including geotechnical site in spections for cable and pipe laying and installations of sea bed platforms; mapping and assessment of sea bed habitats; geophysical exploration for oil and gas; and naval applications in mine hunting.  Interpretation of the acoustic data requires an inver sion of the measured data based on a geoacoustic model of the ocean environment that is used to describe the interaction of sound with the ocean bottom.  The overall research theme of this proposal is to continue development and application of inversion m ethods to estimate ocean bottom properties from acoustic field data measured in the water column in ocean acoustic experiments or seismic surveys.  Our specific interest is in using the information in reflection coefficient versus angle data and the dispe rsion of seismo-acoustic interface waves to estimate the variation of shear wave speeds with depth in sea bottom sediments. The shear wave profile provides a measure of the shear modulus of the sediment, and is resolved on a finer spatial scale, consisten t with the shorter wavelength of the shear waves.  
The approaches that are the focus of this research proposal are not conventionally applied in seismic interpretations, and our research is designed to study the quality of the information obtained from a nalysis of the data and compare the results with those obtained from conventional methods.   The visit proposed in this application will continue a research collaboration with Dr. Hefeng Dong that extends the seismo-acoustic inversion methods from Dr. Cha pman's research in ocean acoustics at the University of Victoria (UVic) to new applications with Norwegian data from seismic experiments designed to record interface waves.

Inversion of seismo-acoustic data for elastic properties of the ocean bottom

This is an application for a fellowship for Eeva Soininen within the Leiv Eiriksson mobility program. The suggested exchange is between the Institute of Arctic and Marine Biology, the University of Tromsø, Norway (home institute) and the Canadian Research  Chair in Conservation of Northern Ecosystems (CCEN) of the University of Quebec at Rimouski, Canada (host institute), lead by Prof. D. Berteaux, for six months in 2010. Soininen is currently doing a PhD-study on the rodent communities of Northern Norway,  in the research group of Prof. R. Ims and Prof. N. Yoccoz. In her thesis, she is studying the diet of rodents, their specialization on particular food items and the potential implications of this to community dynamics. An important part of her thesis is  to analyze a 3-year dataset of plant use by rodents in Northern Norway and the Russian Arctic. Linking her work with European sites together with similar data from Northern Canada will provide a possibility to understand the implications of these results  at a pan-Arctic scale. These sites are part of a general International Polar Year (IPY) effort to take similar measurements of arctic consumer dynamic. Building on these first steps of collaboration by linking the data sets together would be a logical fol low-up of the IPY legacies. Prof. G. Gauthier, at the University of Laval, Canada, also has similar data, and collaboration with him is included in the project. The dataset will be expanded with more samples during field work in 2010, and subsequently the se data will be analyzed in collaboration and co-published in peer reviewed articles. The main goals of the planned exchange are to improve our understanding of (1) the function of arctic rodent communities and (2) the mechanisms affecting individual spec ialization at an Arctic scale. Both research groups are recognized for their studies of the dynamics and function of arctic ecosystems, and the proposed stay will benefit their collaboration on these topics.

IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike

Fjellvåg, Helmer Aurora 2007-08 Fransk-norsk forskerutveksling

Tildelt: kr 34 760

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IS-AUR-Samarb.progr. Norge Frankrike

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